Mobile Me & You
Instant Messaging Apps
It has been a very interesting task for us to explore the “relationship” that young people have with their mobile phones, in the framework of New Consuming Trends course of Panteion University, taught by Dr. Betty Tsakarestou . During this course, our team -composed by Konstantina Nikolopoulou, Athena Styllou and Elena Kouki - participated on a research project called Mobile Me and You concerning mobile collaborative consumption and sharing economy that are now on the rise. On this site we are presenting you the results of this research.
Overview
Step 1: Mobile Me & You Introduction
Step 2: Methodology
Step 3: Mobile Me Diaries
Step 4: Mobile Me & You Exploratory Interviews
Step 5: Global Interviews
Step 6: Final Insights
Mobile Me & You Introduction
We live in a society where mobile phones have won a permanent place in our lives. Nowadays, they seem to have become a necessity for most people and especially for millennials. Thus, it has been a very interesting task for us to explore the “relationship” that young people have with their mobile phones, in the framework of New Consuming Trends course of Panteion University, taught by our professor Mrs Betty Tsakarestou. During this course, our team, composed by Athena Styllou, Konstantina Nikolopoulou and Elena Kouki, participated on a research project called Mobile Me and You concerning mobile collaborative consumption and sharing economy that are now on the rise. My team specifically chose to focus our part of the research on the use of instant messaging apps.
Millennials are, according to the Cambridge dictionary, all people who were born in the 1980s, 1990s, or early 2000s and thus the first generation to come of age in the new millennium. It goes without saying that these people are the first digital natives, the first to experience the internet era as children. Naturally these people are more familiar with technological gadgets than all older generation and we can even notice in our everyday life that they use their mobile phones for a definitely large amount of time and for several different activities. They are the ones to control the new mobile trends and the ones who are now driving the mobile collaborative consumption and the sharing economy.
Collaborative consumption is the peer-to-peer-based activity of obtaining, giving or sharing the access to goods and services, coordinated through community-based online services. Collaborative consumption was enabled due to the development of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and today we can have these activities even via every mobile phone. Sharing economy is exactly this economic system that is based on people sharing possessions and services, either for free or for payment, usually using the internet to organise this.
Along with our overall mobile trends research, we chose with my team to specifically focus on the use of instant messaging apps. Instant messaging (IM) technology is a type of online chat that offers real-time text transmission over the Internet. Needless to say that the Millennials were the most interesting generation for us to examine, since most of them are active users of messaging apps and in general of social media and of all kinds of mobile apps and they are quite familiar to this sharing economy we live in.
My fellow students and I also belong to this generation, thus there was no better way for us to start our research than by asking ourselves what our mobile phones mean to us and how we use them on a daily basis. Later on, we posed similar questions to Millennial students from different countries and by the end of our research we had in total fourteen interviews.
The topics we mostly examined concern what Millennials with university studies think about their mobile phones as organising agendas, social media, influencers, online shopping and payments, sharing apps (like Uber and Airbnb) and other mobile trends. We also aimed to learn how they feel with and without their phones and of course what kind of content they share with their friends on instant messaging apps and how these apps can be of any help on their academic and professional life. We also made them think if they share similar mobile habits with their peers.
The Millennials we talked to were from many different European or Latin American countries and we were able to indicated some differences, but again to realise how much globalisation has turned us into a global village, where every millennial uses the same more or less apps and has the same mobile habits.
It might be exactly due to this so-called global village we live in that sharing economy is now on a great growth. Especially young people all over the world now use the same apps to communicate with their friends, to share their stories, to express their thoughts, to collaborate on several projects and -why not- to share their apartment, their car, their bike and who know what else.
This seems to be a new era in economy and it has been a great task for us to conduct at least a small research about collaborative consumption and sharing economy and explore the contribution of these “magic” mobile devices we all use in this radical change in our lives.
Methodology
Mobile Me and You was an on-going project, during which we were making α weekly research and then we were presenting the results in class, so as to get a feedback and move on. Our professor was guiding us through all the way and she was indicating us the methods that would make our projects not only academic, but also professional. We worked with participatory, creative and collaborative design methods in the setting up of Mobile Me and You projects . Then, we moved to more user-centric methods with contextual interviews, based on a discussion guide to get in-depth insights. That discussion guide was a result of our professor’s and all teams’ collaboration, so as for every team to have in the first part, common research questions and in the second part, more specific ones, concerning the topic each one had chosen. Let’s see one by one the steps that we followed in order to complete this project.
In the beginning of our research, each one of us created a “Mobile Me” video, which was like a diary of how we use our mobile phones. Since we have the same, more or less, demographic characteristics as our focus group (millennials with a university education), we found it very useful to start our research by observing our own personal mobile habits.
Our next task was to create, as a team this time, a “Mobile You” video by interviewing two of our friends. My team and I decided to interview Mariana Kazmierczak from Poland and Sara Antanasijevic from Montenegro, as we found it more interesting to see what people our age from other countries have to say about their relationship with their phones. Next step was to interview two friends from non-European countries and we chose to have a conversation with Bastian Diaz from Chile and Raissa Monnerat from Brazil. Every week, we presented our videos in class and we discussed with our classmates and professor the insights we received from our interviewees. Thus, observing all the interviews taken by our class’s teams, we soon began to have a basic understanding of the way millennials use their phones and their opinions over several matters concerning social media, different kind of apps or other mobile trends.
Later on, we created during class a flip chart, where we placed on one column our insights from all “Μobile Μe” videos of my team (composed by Konstantina Nikolopoulou, Elena Kouki and Athena Styllou) and on another column the insights of the interviews we had so far. After that flip chart, we cooperated with two other teams in order to create another flip chart that now contained our insights all together. This was not a difficult task to do, since our insights proved to be quite similar.
On our next lesson, we got to decide the subject on which each team was going to focus and my team chose to occupy with instant messaging apps. When every team had found their main research subject we created one common flip chart, where every team wrote questions worth to be asked about their specific subjects. My team completed the flip chart with questions that we thought we ought to ask our future interviewees over their use of instant messaging apps. When we all read all groups’ questions, we chose a number of them that we thought we could all use for our research along with the more specific ones. The representatives of each team had later to work together to create, in collaboration with our professor Mrs. Betty Tsakarestou, a conversation guide we would all have to use for our interviews. Our research would include ten interviews with millennials with an academic background.
With my teammates, we decided that it would be more interesting to continue our research with interviews with millennials from many different countries. For this reason, expect from one Greek girl, we interviewed people from Italy, Spain, Finland, Netherlands, Belgium, Ireland, Chile and Brazil. Each interview was conducted in the form of a discussion with the students and we created a short (or not so short) video for every one of these sessions, except from the interview with the Spanish student, that we could only use to create a podcast due to a technical issue with the video. On those interviews we asked the same questions as all the other teams of our class did, adding some more about instant messaging apps.
Through these interviews, we gathered much useful information, many interesting insights that we share with you on our articles on Medium and on our website. We have grouped our interviewees geographically and have written an article including their interviews and the insights we collected from them. Thus, you can find an article about our interviews with millennials from Latin America and others for Southern , Northern and Western Europe.
Finally, we have written an article demonstrating the final results of our research and analysing the insights that we ended up with. This article is accompanied by a video-compilation of the most attention worthy answers we got from our interviewees.
Read below he discussion guide we used during our interviews.
Our Discussion Guide
Here you can see some of the topics that we examined during our research:
Mobile as a personal assistant
Phone screen as a digital mirror of owner’s personality
Feeling of connectivity
Level of collaboration and sharing
Self Branding
Professional development (social/professional brand)
Influencers/ micro-influencers
Part of a community
Conversation between users (real life → mobile)
On the first part of the interviews we tried to create content similar with the one we created about ourselves on the first part of our research. Our discussion guide contained questions such as:
Describe your day with your mobile. How many hours during the day (or night) do you estimate that you use your phone?
Some smartphones now offer us this data (screen time). Have you been surprised when you read your actual screen time?
Have you tried to eliminate your screen time, after getting such accurate data about your mobile screen consumption?
How would you feel if for any reason we took it away from you?
Do you use any mobile apps to schedule your day? Which ones and for what kind of tasks? Which are more useful to you?
Do you use it for work and / or for college/ to travel, to commute (taxis/ bus apps..)? Can you show/tell me the specific apps you use for work/ or college and explain me how they help you?
Do you use any complementary gadgets?
Do you favor your mobile over other devices?
Do you like to share stuff with others digitally via your mobile apps? What do you share?
Do you use your mobile when you are with friends? Teams? In a specific Community? For fun? For work? How that makes you feel?
Does your phone make you feel connected or disconnected?
Have you used any sharing apps/ platforms/ services such as airbnb/ bike sharing/ car sharing etc. What do you think about such interactions where you have to trust strangers?
Do you follow any influencers? If yes, on which platform (e.g. Instagram etc.) Do you follow them on your mobile apps mainly? Can you show me your favorite influencers’ profile on your mobile?
What are your thoughts on influencers?
Do you use your mobile for online shopping? If yes, what do you usually shop? Can you give me some examples? Do you use any specific apps? Platforms? Are you doing mobile payments as well?
Do you feel like you share the same habits with your friends regarding the usage of your phone?
On the second part of our interviews we tried to explore connectivity as a personal experience and to do that we asked some questions about instant messaging apps:
Are they connecting or disconnecting people?
Which are your favorite messaging apps?
How do they help you in your life?
What kind of messages/ type of interactions do you have on messaging apps?
Do you create also groups?
What are your experiences with messaging apps?
How do you feel about connecting with friends or colleagues through messaging apps?
Why choose a certain messaging app over others?
Are instant messaging apps vital for you as a user?
Do you use any instant messaging apps for academic/professional reasons and which ones? What exactly do you do through them? How do they help you? Or, where do they fail you?
Mobile Me Diaries
The first step on our project was to observe how each one of us, individually, uses their phone and to present a Mobile Me story. As far as I am concerned, I spent a week keeping a diary of my mobile activity and when I realised my recurrent actions on it, I started recording my screen while using my favourite apps. In the end, I found that most of my screen recordings where on very few specific apps, mostly social media ones.
My Mobile Me diary made me accept the fact that I spend way too much time on my mobile phone and that I feel at least vulnerable when it’s not to be reached at a close distance. I now admit that I would be freaked out if I found myself outside of home without my mobile device on my hands. My favourite social media, Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram and Messenger are proven guilty for this addiction of mine, but it’s definitely not only due to them that I need my phone.
The main reason that my mobile phone is now like an extension of my hand is that it has been a very useful tool for every part of my life. Not only does it help me to stay in touch with my friends, by exchanging text and vocal messages, pictures and gifs on instant messaging apps, but it also helps me collaborate with my peers on several university projects without having to meet in person. For academic reasons I would say I mostly use Messenger when it comes to communication with classmates and on Facebook most professors create groups for their courses, where they inform us for some tasks we have to do or they let us know for any changes on the timetable. Facebook in general is still an environment where I get informed about the news and where I watch plenty of videos and memes, but I can see that its content is changing through the years and I can no longer follow my friends’ lives on it, as the majority of them are now using Instagram. Instagram has also become one of the apps I mostly use, but I don’t favour it over Facebook and I generally don’t like its content. As it concerns mostly pictures, I hate to notice the narcissism it gets out of some people. On the other hand I like watching my friends’ stories sometimes and I like posting photos from my trips.
WhatsApp is also an app that I favour. It is not popular at all in Greece, but since I have many friends from other countries I need it and I use it almost every day. Again for my friends abroad I also have Snapchat, but I find it quite meaningless and I think I’ll soon delete the app from my mobile phone for the fourth or fifth time. Similar is the destiny of Twitter that I keep installing and uninstalling. I have really tried to get interested and used to it in the past, but I always seem to fail. Some other social media apps that I keep on my device are YouTube, where I watch videos from time to time, Medium to read my university colleagues’ articles and an app called Nup, where students from all Greek universities can anonymously share whatever they want with other students. I’ve only recently downloaded this app, but it’s quite interesting as people can anonymously ask and give advice to other Greek students who might share the same interests or problems with them and they can even chat privately with someone and share their opinions.
Some apps that I only use outside of the house are Netflix, that I use when I’m travelling and I need to kill time, Spotify, Google Maps and Moovit. When I need to call a taxi I use Beat when in Greece and Uber when abroad. I order food on E-Food and sometimes I buy flight tickets on the app of Aegean. To keep track of my diet I use Lifesum and to organise my life and mostly my university responsibilities I use Wunderlist. To check the news I have the app of In.gr (for Greece) and Euronews (for global news). I also like opening my e-mails on my mobile phone, but I usually answer them on my computer.
In general I feel I need my mobile phone and I have the urge to always keep it close to me, but when I’m at home I prefer my tablet, where I keep apps that I wouldn’t use as often on my phone and definitely my computer. I feel more safe working on my computer, but again it depends on the activity. For example, I use to take screenshots on my mobile phone when I see a meme that expresses my feelings or a situation my friends find themselves in. Then I can easily send this photo to my friends on Messenger, while if I wouldn’t bother to do the same thing on my computer and gather useless photos on my desktop.
All in all, I believe I am quite addicted to my phone, but it is not something that stresses me, because I know that it really does help me keep my life in order. It helps me keep in my life friends that live in other cities or even other countries and share with them not only the main events of my life, but even the most meaningless ones as if we were living together and it even saves me time when it comes to collaborating for academic or sometimes professional reasons. Thus, I am not really putting an effort on eliminating my screen time, I just try to replace scrolling time with productive and creative time. Because I know mobile phones can be an extremely useful technological tool that can facilitate our lives and we ought to take advantage of it.
As far as I am concerned, I spent a week keeping a diary of my mobile activity. My phone and I have a really serious relationship. It’s the first thing I use when I woke up in the morning and the last thing i check before i go to sleep. I use my phone 3 hours per day more or less but it depends on the day. I start my day with the alarm clock app and after that I check my calls and my messages. As a millennial I have many social media as Instagram, Facebook, Facebook Messenger, WhatsApp and Viber.
My favourite app is Instagram because I really like to see photos. I upload content as a story or in my profile. I also love to content from other people, my friends and I general photos from all over the world. When it comes to Facebook I don’t use it anymore because I think its content is boring but I still have it for my friends that they don’t use Instagram.
Moreover Facebook messenger is my favourite app for instant messaging. It’s easy to use and all my friends have it. We exchange content as photos, videos, texts and voice messages. We also love memes and gifs. Viber and what’s app are the most useless to me. I have Viber to communicate with some group chats with my basketball team and what’s app for friends from erasmus.
I use a lot my phone for college, mainly Facebook groups and group chats. I use sharing apps like Airbnb a lot but mainly when I travel. Although i prefer my laptop for things like that because I think I’m gonna make a mistake.
To sum up in general I can can say that my phone makes my life easier. It helps me keep in contact with my friends and family and with people that I can’t have face to face co tact. I feel really connected when I have despite the fact that sometimes disconnects me from reality.
The first step on our project was to observe how each one of us, individually, uses their phone and to present a Mobile Me story. As far as I am concerned, I spend almost my whole day occupied with my mobile and it’s for sure the first thing I grab when I open my eyes, a lot of times because I have to switch off my alarm! The time I do it, I activate the WiFi and answer to my messages, scroll on Instagram and most of the times I put on a song or a video in Youtube to listen as I am getting ready.
I don’t want to learn my screen time, because, for sure, it would be a lot! Actually I have the WiFi active to my phone, almost the whole day, even if I’m on my laptop, because it’s easier for me to answer my messages from there and I really have a lot of messages during the day! The most important apps for me are Messenger, Youtube, Instagram and OASA Telematics. Messenger, because it’s the main pain I have for communication, Youtube because I really like to watch videos and listening to music and Instagram, because I love the content that the pages I follow have. OASA Telematics is the app for bus checking in Athens and I use it almost everyday to go anywhere.
Recently I added Netflix in my mobile apps and it starts to become one of my favorites too! It’s very useful for me, since I’m on my phone most of the times to watch episodes from there, especially if I’m in a bus or the subway. Another app that I really like is Pinterest, but I only use when I want more specific ideas like a haircut or a nail art. When I can manage to have free time and don’t know what to do, I have a mind game called Skillz, which helps me kill my time, but it is also train my mind. Viber is an Instant Messaging App that I have only to communicate with one of my best friends, because she isn’t in any other social media or apps and What’s Up is the app that I can check my data and how much free calling time I have. For transportation, I have downloaded another 2 apps: BEAT, I use it to call a taxi and another Buses app, to see the official buses’ routes.
All these apps are really useful for me during my day. Instant Messaging Apps are helping me keep in contact with all of my friends and family, even if they are far away from me and I have many group chats for academic projects, that all team members have to communicate everyday to get work done. It’s a quick and fast way to communicate with a lot of people, without having to gather. Even if I have a Facebook account, I haven’t downloaded the app, because I feel that I don’t need it and if I need to check something, I’ll connect via Google Chrome from my phone.
Instagram is my favorite social media app, because I find it very creative and I follow a lot of influencers about makeup and fashion, in which I am very interested in, I get ideas from them to improve my makeup and clothing and I get very inspired too. Moreover, I’ve downloaded an app called SquarePhoto, so as to edit my pictures to fit perfectly on Instagram when I want to upload them. I don’t have any other editing apps, because I tend not to edit my photos a lot, but if I want to do it sometime, I’ll use my mobile’s editor (HUAWEI).
Other apps that are also useful and were already installed in my mobile are Notes, Google Play Store, Alarm, Calendar and Voice Recorder. I tend to use these apps quite a lot in my everyday life, for obvious reasons, except for Voice Recorder, which I use to record something for a project, like a voice over. Another thing that I really love about my mobile is that it has a lot of different and creative themes to customize my front pages and apps’ icons. It is very fun and I change them depending on the season (e.g. on Christmas I choose a Christmas theme).
I have to admit that I’m using my mobile for everything all day long and it’s not just a part of my hand, but of my mind. I can’t stand if I don’t have it around or even just to unlock it constantly to check anything. It really helps me in my everyday life, but I think that I’m overusing it sometimes. I’m, surely, addicted to it, but there are not just the things that I have behind my screen, but it’s what’s around it too! What do I mean? My phone case has liquid glitter and iridescent stars in it and I spend hours and hours just by watching and playing with it! That’s another thing that keeps me really attached with my mobile!
One day I hope that I’ll stop being that addicted to my mobile and that I won’t need it that much in my everyday life, but this will only stay a dream if I don’t start trying to do it. To be honest, I don’t know if I am ready to do it, but there are times that I feel so bored and overdosed of everything that has to do with my mobile and I don’t even want to see it. But then it comes, the next day and I love it again…
Mobile Me & You Exploratory Interviews
On the first steps of our research, we asked some millennials questions such as how much they use their phones, which apps they use the most, how important their phone is for them, if they use them for online payments etc. We interviewed young people not only from Greece, but from different countries around the world (Chile, Brazil, Montenegro and Poland). As we didn’t have the ability to communicate in person with them, we conducted our interviews through online video calls. After those conversations, we reached the following conclusions.
The first think we understood is that Instagram and WhatsApp are two of the top trends for us, as well as for our global friends. Young people also use Messenger and YouTube a lot, when it comes to social media, while in Greece Viber is still quite widespread. Moreover, it is important to notice that the usage of Facebook tends to decrease more and more during the last years.
Τransportation apps, such as Uber -internationally- and Beat -in Greece- are very popular, as well as the bus apps. Fitness and wellness are another category of applications that are considered a new consumer trend. Streaming has also become popular in our generation, since we noticed that the majority of young people has Spotify or Netflix installed on their mobile phones.
When it comes to online payments, millennials tend to avoid them and only use them if they have no other way. Many of them use online banking apps, but only a few buy things online. They consider it not safe and sometimes they find it more complicated than paying in cash. They all of agreed though that mobile payments are nowadays becoming inevitable.
Another useful insight we received is the time that the generation of 00s spends on their mobile. At the end of our research we realised that millennials spend at least four hours a day using their mobile devices. It’s interesting to see what our Brazilian interviewee said: “If I forgot my mobile at home I will come back and pick it up” and “I feel that I won’t be able to communicate with my boss and my family without it”.
Sara, the girl from Montenegro, loves sharing content on Instagrame. She has many apps like Lightroom, Huji and Vsco to edit her photos and she is also really interested in other contents. She uses Instagram no only for personal but also for professional purposes because she promotes her mother’s hand-made jewellaries.
Marianna the polish girl on the other hand loves using apps that help her learn new languages. She has many dictionary apps for English and French and also the Google translate app. She has steaming apps like Netflix and she uses the Uber app whenever she needs a taxi.
As far as Snapchat is concerned, we noticed that it has already lost its popularity in most countries and that only a few people use it. Millennials believe that they can find the same content in other social media. A fact that surprised us while interviewing our Chilean friend is that, in his opinion, Snapchat is considered as an app that only the elite uses.
As a conclusion, we can say that the mobile phone is somehow an electronic edition of ourselves, our personal guide and help and we can’t dismiss it from our reality.
Global Interviews
On this article we will present you all the useful insights that we collected from our interviews with two Latin American students.
Our first interviewee, Bastian Diaz, is 22 years old and studies Journalism in Santiago, Chile. For Bastian, his mobile phone is an extension of his hand, as he admits that the first thing he does every morning is to turn off his alarm (which is on his phone) and then immediately check his Facebook notifications and his e-mail. He assumes that he spends no less than 15 minutes every morning in his bed scrolling down his screen and reading memes. Later in the day, he uses his phone to listen to music while walking. Even during university classes the phone is there to keep him company if he gets bored and memes is definitely a trend he enjoys on those moments. At night, before going to sleep, he spends 30-60 minutes chatting on WhatsApp with his friends. He considers himself a phone addict and in the past he tried to eliminate its use by uninstalling Facebook and Instagram from his phone, but his efforts failed.
He feels he would be very anxious if for some reason he didn’t have his phone with him, as he uses it not only to communicate with his friends and family, but also for his work as a tour guide and his studies. Especially for his studies he uses an app called U-Cursos, made by his university to inform students about the timetable, their notes and for several other announcements. For his work, he only needs to check his e-mail in order to receive all the information needed for his touristic tours in Santiago. As he spends a lot of time walking in his city he also uses a lot an app called Bus-Checker, which allows him to know when each bus arrives. He has never used Uber or similar apps (even though we see in installed on his phone), as he prefers public transportation. Also, even though Bastian is a typical example of a millennial that uses his phone all day long, he keeps a love for paper and he prefers having a traditional agenda- notebook than scheduling his day using mobile apps.
As far as sharing things via his mobile device, he mostly shares memes (yes, memes are a great love of his) on Facebook, Instagram and WhatsApp. Concerning these three social media, he says he uses Facebook to see and share memes and tag his friends, Instagram just to see what his friends have been up to (he doesn’t upload many photos himself) and WhatsApp only to chat. He also uses Messenger sometimes and he used to have Twitter some years ago, where he was an active user, but today he has no longer an account. On Twitter he had even made some friends, but now he wouldn’t use social media to meet people. For him, the digital world is only an expression of what happens in real life, thus he prefers using social platforms to communicate with his real life friends. The only digital community he’s a part of is an Instagram group he has with his school friends, that he only sees once or twice a year and they keep a contact almost exclusively by exchanging memes (usually football memes). It’s interesting to notice that even though Bastian uses Instagram on a daily basis, he doesn’t follow an influencers and when asked to express his thoughts on them, he says he doesn’t consider influencing a real profession, since “anybody can be an influencer”.
A question we often pose to ourselves these days is whether mobile phones and social media make us more connected or disconnected. Bastian believes that technology helps him stay connected with actuality, connected with the world. In the same time, though, he feels he loses much creative alone time. For example, he feels that his phone tends to win over his books and it makes him sad to think of.
Bastian believes he doesn’t really share the same phone habits as his friends because they have some different interests in general and this is reflected on the use of their mobile phones. For example, he has friends who shop online, but he doesn’t. Maybe they don’t share the same habits, but, according Bastian, they use their phones the same amount of time and they all prefer WhatsApp to other instant messaging apps, like Messenger or Telegram. This exact fact is the reason why WhatsApp is Bastian’s favourite messaging app: everyone he knows uses it, so if he wants to communicate with them he has to use it too.
He uses WhatsApp to contact his mother and his friends, his colleagues and his fellow students. On the other hand, as much as he likes communicating online, he finds those conversations quite simpler and more shallow than the real-life ones and he prefers using messaging apps to arrange dates and not to talk about his life on them. This is also true about the WhatsApp groups in which he takes part. Specifically, he has groups for his school friends, university friends, football team, closest friends, etc. For him, instant messaging apps and especially WhatsApp, are a great way to stay in touch and organise real-life meetings.
Watch Bastian's interview here.
Let’s see now what our second interviewee, Maria Luisa Benjamin from Brazil, had to share with us. Maria Luisa is 20 years old and she studies Communication in Paris, France. Like Bastian, she uses her phone as soon as she wakes up and her screen time app has indicated that she uses her phone 6-7 hours per day. It was quite a shock for her to realise one day that she had used it for 15 whole hours! She certainly belongs to the generation that has always their phone with them, thus it’ s only natural that she says she would feel “vulnerable” if her mobile was taken away from her, but mostly annoyed because of the money a mobile phone costs. She believes that even so she could cope with it and it wouldn’t be such a disaster after all.
Concerning using the phone as an agenda to organise one’s day, she is on the same page as Bastian, since she describes herself as a “pen on paper kind of girl”. For her, a mobile phone is just practical and she doesn’t have a special love for it, neither does she favour it over other electronic devices. It’ s practical because, except from communicating with her family and friends through this, she can also use it occasionally for college, when she doesn’t have a computer with her or even for her work in order to talk to her boss. For work, she also uses an app called Student Pop. This is the app of an agency that finds jobs to students in France and through this they contact Maria Luisa every time there is a job opening for her.
Via her mobile phone, she enjoys sharing photos and stories with her friends, especially when travelling, but it’s not something she does all the time, like other people of her age. Due to her phone she feels more connected because she can keep in touch with her family and friends who leave far away from her, especially the ones in Brazil, since it’s been some years now that she lives in France. When she is with her friends though she doesn’t use her phone, so as to benefit from the real-life communication. As far as they are concerned, Maria Luisa thinks she uses her mobile phone less than her friends and although they use it in a quite similar way, there are some differences on their habits. For example, her friends shop online and follow many influencers, while she doesn’t. Specifically about influencers, she said, she used to spend too much time on Instagram and she decided to unfollow all influencers except from one, so as to save some time to herself. In her opinion “influencers sometimes can be quite shallow, but sometimes they could be useful and inspirational”.
Maria Luisa’s favourite messaging apps are WhatsApp and Messenger, that are according to her, very popular in Brazil. Like Bastian, she admits using these specific apps because of their popularity among her friends. These apps help her communicate with everyone and for any occasion and she sometimes she creates group chats. Between the two apps mentioned above, she prefers WhatsApp, because she finds it more practical. She uses these apps not only to talk to her friends, but also for academic reasons, in order to share notes with her classmates. On the screen of her phone above, we can notice that she uses many other social media like Facebook, SnapChat, Tumblr, Twitter and Tinder, but she didn’t mention them, thus we assume she is not such an active user of these apps.
In this article, we will see the “Mobile Me & You” stories of three students from South Europe, Julie, Beatrice and Emma.
Julie Lekka is a 20 year old university student from Greece, who studies Mathematics. She uses her mobile about 4-5 hours per day, and she grabs it the moment she wakes up, to answer messages. During the day, she uses her phone a lot to speak with her parents and her friends who live in other cities. If we took her phone away, she could live without it and claims that “it makes our lives easier, but it’s not vital”. It’s not like oxygen for her and she is sure that she could make it without it. She also doesn’t get the people that have their mobile as an extension of their hand, but she admits that whenever she plays a game on her phone, it feels very vital for her!
Scheduling apps aren’t a thing for Julie, because she says that she just remembers things and for college she prefers taking notes in the classroom, than keeping or searching something through her phone. She doesn’t use, in particular, any complementary gadgets, only hands-free, because she listens to music all the time. For sure she prefers her mobile over other devices, she doesn’t own a tablet and she feels “useless” with her computer, so she says “I can use my computer very easily, to do something, but with my computer, we’re like strangers!”
She likes to share stuff with others, especially photos, videos and thoughts and wants to exchange opinions through them. She uses Facebook, mostly and Instagram: “Everybody has Instagram, so I don’t have a choice”. Her opinion is, that “if you want to communicate with a lot of people, you have to follow their way”. She likes Instagram for stories, although she finds them stupid in a way, but in general they are fun and she follows makeup influencers, because it’s a topic that she’s interested in.
Something really interesting that she pointed was: “I feel sad, because I didn’t use Facebook for many many years and everybody was telling me to and when the time came, everybody was on Instagram. So, did I really have to had one? I can live without social media, because all these things will die one day, as technology improvises”. When Julie is with her friends, she doesn’t use her mobile and she finds it annoying and insulting if someone does. She actually hates it if someone is outside with a company and is occupied with his mobile, because she says that “we’re outside to have fun and make memories and if you want to look at your phone all the time, just stay home”. So, she shares the same habits with her friends about mobile usage and says that “ don’t need someone as a friend, that needs his phone more than me”.
Julie doesn’t think that we need mobile phones to be connected or disconnected, because it’s all about the human lives. She feels connected, because she lives the real life and it’s not like when she doesn’t have her phone she feels disconnected for any reason. In the terms of sharing apps, she has used Airbnb and found it really helpful, but in the terms of trusting strangers, she doesn’t like it, but with this kind of apps, it’s inevitable. She points that “you wish that something won’t happen to you.
Moving on to the Instant Messaging Apps part, she says that they help us to be connected, but it’s up to us. Her favourite apps are Facebook Messenger and Viber, but she prefers Messenger, because it jumps in front of you and you don’t forget to answer. She creates group chats and she jokes that at this point of her life, is the leader of useless group chats! She finds them very helpful for communicating at the same time with a lot of people, especially her friends from the university. She pointed that Instant Messaging Apps are helping you, because you feel your friends closer to you.
Julie admitted that she used Snapchat for some days, but she didn’t like it. She actually, downloaded it just for the hype, because she uses the Instant Messaging Apps that her friends are using. Also, she doesn’t use apps for academic or professional reasons, because she claims that she has basic technological knowledge and prefers the more traditional ways.
Her general thoughts about mobile phones and Instant Messaging Apps were: “Mobile phones are really useful and important, because they’re making our lives easier. But it should be a thing that helps us in our lives, not to help us live a life.” “Through Instant Messaging Apps I just have to communicate”, and closes with and advice: “live your life, because the moments are the ones that stay. The memories make us, so if you look back, you should see a real life and not a mobile”.
The next interviewee is Emma Pons, who is 22 years old, she is from Spain and lives in Greece the past few months and studies Journalism. She wouldn’t want to know how many hours she spends on her phone, because they are for sure a lot and if someone took it away from her, she would feel very anxious, but, eventually, she would get used to it. She doesn’t use scheduling apps and she uses her phone for journalism, which is her profession. Emma says that “it’s very important for a journalist to be in Twitter and Instagram”, so she uses these apps for professional reasons and she also uses Twitter for informing and to see what other journalists are posting. Herself posts pictures of events in her profile, because she believes that if you’re looking for a job, via your profile they will hire you from what you are posting.
She uses her computer only for work and favours her mobile over other devices: “with phone, I can do everything. It’s the only device I need right now”. She shares a lot of content like pictures and videos of the places she goes, with her friends and family. She tries not to use her phone while she’s with others, but sometimes she might check something. On Instagram she follows journalists, that may be considered influencers and also follows women that post pictures of their families, because she likes babies. As long as the habits that Emma and her friends are sharing, are quite different when it comes to the non-journalists, because they don’t have Twitter.
About Instant Messaging Apps, she said that her favourite is WhatsApp, in which shares the most: texts, pictures, videos and documents. “It’s easy and useful”, she says. WhatsApp helps her to stay in touch with her friends and family in Spain. The time that she lives in Greece, she realised that a lot of people use Viber and Messenger, so she uses them too. She also creates groups, especially if she has to set a date with different people. She believes that Instant Messaging Apps help you be in touch with people that are far away from you, because through them, you can really know everything. Although she says that they are vital for her, she doesn’t use them for professional reasons, she prefers email instead, because it’s more formal.
Listen to Emma's interview here.
Last but not least, is Beatrice Vetrugno , a 21 year old Italian, who studies foreign literatures. She admits that she’s using her mobile all the time for music and pictures and spends about 2 hours on social media, especially on Instagram. She admits that she never tried to eliminate her screen time, because the idea of it, scares her a lot. If we took her phone away, her reaction wouldn’t be positive, but she would understand the importance of living life, without mobile and she would appreciate every moment.
She prefers her mobile over other devices, because it’s more practical and she also uses it when she’s with other people, especially when she’s annoyed or if she’s not having a good time. Her mobile makes her feel connected, because through it she knows what other people are doing at the same time, but it also makes her feel disconnected, since she prefers physical contact. The most useful apps for her are the university one, the app from which she checks the bus station and the arrivals from the train and apps for discounts in restaurants or shopping centers. About sharing apps and sharing information, she said that she has used a car sharing app in Rome and has a lot of anxiety for online payments, because it’s not always safe to give your information. On the other hand, she loves online shopping and her favourite e-shops are Zara and Pull&Bear.
Her favourite Instant Messaging Apps are WhatsApp, Instagram, Snapchat and Messenger. She started using them about 12-13 years old and her first one was Messenger and then were WhatsApp and Instagram. She says that “everybody uses Instagram, because it is more cool and WhatsApp is the most popular Instant Messaging App. Her interactions are messages with friends about literature and university, but also ironic messages with stickers and emojis and they are talking about everything, like they were face to face.
About sharing the same habits with friends, Beatrice says that has a lot of friends, which are excessive with phone use, they post a lo and prefer chatting, instead of going out. She creates group chats a lot for university and to plan a party. Beatrice follows many influencers and her favourite Italian ones are Chiara Ferragni and Beatrice Valli, but she also follows American ones. She follows them, because they are giving her inspiration for makeup, clothes and she sees them as role models.
She loves Instant Messaging Apps, because they help her keep in contact with people of other countries, but also she is able to send and receive messages in a very fast time. She say that they are “a fast way to keep in contact, exchange opinions and share information”.
Watch Beatrice's interview here.
As we can see, the millennials in the southern Europe countries, have different perceptions about mobile phones and Instant Messaging Apps. For some of them, they are vital, others can live without them. Facebook Messenger is a common application in all countries and it is very popular and preferable. WhatsApp from the other hand, is very popular too, but not in Greece, where Viber is the second most popular one, after Messenger. Even though Twitter, isn’t an option for anyone now as an Instant Messaging App, it seems to be a professional tool for journalists around the world, so as to promote and inform for news. Influencers are also a topic that southern Europe girls are loving, as all of them are following, each one for her one interests.
On this article we are going to examine the insights we collected from Western Europe. So, let’s see the mobile life of two millennials from Netherlands and Belgium.
Anna is a 22 year old girl from the Netherlands and studies cinema in Amsterdam. She texts constantly during the day mainly for work, but also with her friends and family. It’s really interesting to mention that she turns off her phone during weekends and she doesn’t mind if her phone was taken away because for her it’s crucial only for work. She uses agenda to schedule and WhatsApp for work and college. She is from the ones that prefers laptop over her phone and she’s hesitant in sharing anything about her life, so she only shares some things on Instagram in a small group of people. “My phone is a part of my professional life” she says.
She believes that mobile phone isn’t a must for our lives because our real friends can find us either we have phones or not. She feels connected international as a professional but mobile disconnects her from reality. She uses sharing apps like Airbnb and an app where food leftovers are bought, so they are not thrown (2good2go). She doesn’t follow any influencers, but she follows movements, like LGBT rights, because she wants to influence in what’s been told by the media, to give attention into those kinds of things. She does online shopping and mainly buys secondhand clothes. She shares the same habits with her friends and she prefers Instagram over Facebook.
Christophe De Coster is a 23 year old history student from Belgium, who uses his phone all day long. He thinks mobile phone as destruction for millennials, because they are checking it all the time. For work and college he uses Facebook Messenger and for pictures from archives for his thesis he uses camera. He likes mobile because you can take it everywhere but he prefers laptops for work and for watching videos. He shares videos, photos and memes and he admits that when he is bored with his friends they grab their phones.
He feels a strong connectivity, because with phone you can communicate with people that you can’t in real life. He doesn’t use sharing apps because once he had a bad incident so he doesn’t trust them. He follows some influencers and when he does online shopping he prefers his laptop, because is more trustable. More or less he shares the same mobile habits with his friends.
When it comes on instant messaging apps his favorite ones are WhatsApp and Facebook Messenger, because of them he can communicate and organize his life. He chats with his friends about jokes and news like he does in face to face contact and he makes groups to organize trips and appointments. He loves the messaging apps experience because of the feeling of being all the time with friends. He prefers Messenger because it’s connected with Facebook and he uses it a lot, but, surprisingly, he didn’t mention Instagram. He likes WhatsApp, but Messenger is more user-friendly and this is vital for an everyday user. He admits that he could find other ways to communicate, but would miss the phone.
Finally, for academic purposes, he thinks that only WhatsApp is suitable, because Messenger is connected with Facebook.
Watch Christophe's interview here.
To sum up, we can point out that in Western Europe the ideas about mobile life differ from country to country. Some of them consider their phones less important than others, but in the end of the day mobile phones makes the life of every interviewee better and easier.
In this article we are going to indicate the insights that we collected from Northern Europe. So, let’s explore the mobile life of three students from Finland and Ireland.
Tamsin Martin is a 21 year old girl from Ireland who studies French and German literature. She claims that she uses her phone a lot during the day, 5 hours more or less, mainly before she goes to sleep. If we took away her phone she would realize that she doesn’t need it that much, so she said that “It’s going to be a good thing but I would feel weird at first”. Moreover she uses apps to schedule her day, like reminders and notes in her iPhone.
For college she uses Google Drive, Microsoft one-drive and camera to take photos of books and notes. She also uses her phone to look up something quickly and to find some necessary videos on YouTube. She listens to music and watches series through her phone and that makes her one of the few that prefer mobile over their laptops.
Tamsin shares many stuff with others and she loves sending photos and videos through Whatsapp and Facebook Messenger. Snapchat is also a really useful app for her ,because she can catch up with her friends. Although she claims that she doesn’t use her phone while with others, she adds that sometimes she might use it to show something to her friends.
She also claims that her phone makes her feel connected in terms of social media and being able to communicate through them. On the other hand, she feels disconnected from the real world. She uses platforms like Airbnb, but she needs to be sure about her security at first. She is not interested in any influencer and loves online shopping mainly through her laptop.
When it comes to instant messaging apps her favorites are Messenger and WhatsApp, because they are the most popular and are helping her keep in touch with her friends all over the world. She also creates many group chats, because they’re helping her in organizing. In addition, she separates instant messaging apps from email, because she thinks that the first one is for her private life and the second one is more professional.
Watch Tamsin's interview here.
Our second interviewee was Jani Suoranta a 24 years old student from Finland who studies Information Technology. He spends 1,5 hours per day with his phone and for him the worst part of losing his phone is losing contact with his friends. He uses calendar and alarm clock for scheduling and note apps for university. He prefers laptop for university and work but he prefers his phone for reading texts. He claims that his phone makes him feel disconnected that’s why he never uses it when he is with friends and he has separate numbers for work and for friends. He follows only a few influencers on Twitter and he trusts platforms like Airbnb.
Although he uses bank and mobile payment apps, he’s not into online shopping. His favorite apps are WhatsApp and Telegram, because they help him connect with people that he never met. When it comes on messaging, he prefers texting and voice messages. He makes group chats but he erases them after. It’s also crucial to say that he hates Snapchat and Instagram, as he finds them “useless”.
Ilona Haltunnen is also from Finland, she studies languages and she is 24 years old. Normally she spends 5 hours per day with her phone and for her, losing it, means losing contact of her employer and her friends. To begin with, she doesn’t use any apps for scheduling but she has apps for her work, like “office 365” and email. When it comes to work, she prefers her computer, but for communication and social media she uses her phone. On the one hand, she has Instagram for public content and Snapchat for more private. She feels really connected when she has her phone, mainly when it comes to work, but she never uses it when she is with friends.
She trusts platforms like Airbnb, but she uses her pc for staff like that. She doesn’t use her phone for online shopping, or mobile payments, she prefers her pc, instead. Also, she follows some influencers and she uses her apps in the same way her friends do. She claims that “Facebook dies and Instagram is the new trend”. Her favorite instant messaging apps are WhatsApp because “it’s cheap and easy” and Snapchat for “funny content”. She’s into text messaging, voice messaging, photos and memes. About group chats she uses them a lot but she thinks they are distracting.
Watch Jani and Ilona's interview here.
To sum up we can say that millennials in Northern Europe use the same apps more or less and they are sharing quite about the same ideas for them. Mobile is a really useful tool in their lives and makes them easier.
Final Insights
GENERAL INSIGHTS
Here we present you the final insights that we collected through our ten interviews:
4-5 hours phone usage
If phone was taken away, bad feelings at first (anxiety, nerves, uncomfortable)
They favor mobile over other devices.
Sharing a lot through mobile (photos, videos, thoughts)
Efforts not to use phone when with friends fail.
80% don’t follow influencers
Mobile phone makes them feel both connected with actuality
100% have used Airbnbor other sharing apps
ABOUT INSTANT MESSAGING APPS
Leader: WhatsApp
Co-leader: Facebook Messenger
Helps them communicate fast with friends and family any time
Everyone creates group chats
Reasons: university projects, arranging things with friends, keeping in touch with family
90% feel I.M.A are vital for them as users
About 70% separates social media and instant messaging apps from professional/academic life
Final Insights
If you want to read more...
We live in a society where mobile phones have won a permanent place in our lives. Nowadays, they seem to have become a necessity for most people and especially for millennials. Thus, it has been a very interesting task for us to explore the “relationship” that young people have with their mobile phones, in the framework of New Consuming Trends course of Panteion University, taught by our professor Mrs Betty Tsakarestou. During this course our team participated on a research project called Mobile Me and You concerning mobile collaborative consumption and sharing economy that are now on the rise. My team specifically chose to focus our part of the research on the use of instant messaging apps.
Our interviewees are Millennials who are still in college, but some of them work at the same time. For almost everyone, their mobile phone is considered vital and if someone took it away from them, they would be scared and angry. When they thought more about it, they admitted that it would probably be a positive thing, because they would appreciate other things in life and realise that mobile phones aren’t that vital after all. They use their phones about 4–5 hours per day and most of them are grabbing it the moment they wake up. They also use it for college/work and favour it over other devices.
They admit that their mobile makes them feel connected with a lot of friends and family, especially if they are abroad and it gives them the opportunity to catch up with everyone’s news, anytime. On the other hand, it makes them feel disconnected from the real world, especially if they spend much time on it. When they are with their friends, they all seem to try not to use their phones, but they also admit that if there’s something they need to check or show to the others, they will instantly grab it.
We did not only interview them about their phone usage, but we also wanted to investigate how they live in a sharing economy environment and how they react to it.
The definition of sharing economy according to“Sharing Economy Business Toolbox” is: “what is mine is yours for a fee” (e.g. flats, cars, transportation) and its business model has some features. These features are:
-Access instead of ownership, rather than buying and asset, the seek rents it from someone else.
-A platform brings together owners and seekers and facilitates all processes between them.
-The business/platform itself does not possess any of the assets on offer: Airbnb does not own a single room, Zipcar not a single car.”
The Millennials we interviewed, reacted positively on a sharing economy environment, as we asked them questions about Airbnb/car sharing and everyone said that they are familiar with this kind ofplatforms. In terms of trusting strangers, they are a bit hesitant, but they pointed, especially for Airbnb, that it is an app that everyone is uses, so you “wish” that something won’t happen to you and try to see the practical part of the app. It also has ratings and profiles, so if someone isn’t trustable, he would have bad ratings, so they wouldn’t choose him.
But it’s not only that, Millennials are actually driving the sharing economy nowadays; as studies from the “Forrester” show, in the U.S. they are the biggest population group and they are using their smartphones to share everything. “They are constantly looking to share themselves, their belongings and their lives with the world. So they have transformed technology in more areas than social media (transportation, music, movies), but sharing economy, still has a plenty room to grow. Right now it’s giving better customer experience for many Millennials, who value experiences more than material goods, but they also are beginning to live more virtually than ever before” (source: Millennials-How to do well in a sharing economy).
As the “Forrester” continues: All social media platforms are giving them the idea of success solely based on the number of friends, likes and follows one has. This makes incredibly important for a Millennial to share their lives in order to entertain friends, show off and moreover, get recognition for what they are doing. Our interviewees choose to share pictures, videos and some thoughts on social media, except from two of them that are very hesitant about it and want to share everything only in a very small group of people.
Nowadays, surveys show, Millennials prefer to have a more “private” life in social media. This is something that our interviewees also claimed and most of them aren’t really into social media anymore, but more into Instant Messaging Apps. Some of them don’t even have a profile on Facebook and the ones who do, don’t use it as much as some years ago. They prefer Instant Messaging Apps instead, because they feel more comfortable sharing what they want in a personal conversation, or in a group that they chose to make.
Concerning Instant Messaging Apps, is the news sharing that happens on them? The researcher Antonis Kalogeropoulos, made a really good research about this topic with the title “The Rise of Messaging Apps for News”. In his article he points out that “the use of Facebook for news has been falling since 2016 and Instant Messaging Apps are rising instead (especially WhatsApp). On WhatsApp it’s more likely to take part in a private discussion about news or to take part in a group set up specifically to discuss a news topic. Focus groups said they have groups set up for friends , family or work and that they can chat and post articles about all sorts of topics, including news more freely”.“In Latin America and Europe, WhatsApp is more widespread, but in some other European countries (like Greece), Messenger is the dominant messaging app and Viber is also a vary widespread apps in Balkans”.
All of our interviewees use WhatsApp and Facebook Messenger often create group chats on them. When they were asked about them, they didn’t say anything about news sharing. The group chats they have with their friends are used to arrange appointments (might be a party or a meeting), to communicate about group projects (for university), or just to share funny content like memes and satirical videos. Moreover, the group chats they have with their families is because most of them live far away from them and they want to stay in touch.
Among our interviewees, only Raissa from Brazil and Emma from Spain claimed to have read and shared news through social media and Instant Messaging Apps. Raissa prefers Facebook and Messenger and the time we interviewed her, Brazil was on election period and she really wanted to be informed all the time about the developments. Emma is a journalist, thus it’s vital for her to read the news, but she actually prefers Twitter and Instagram for it. She claimed that it’s very important for a journalist to be on these platforms and share news content, because they can be hired for a job via their profile.
WhatsApp is indeed the most popular Instant Messaging App, not only among our interviewees, but also worldwide. As William Porter writes in his article “Instant messaging Apps user statistics 2018” and the percentages he got from “Statista”, the top 3 popular messaging apps are 1)WhatsApp, 2)Facebook Messenger and 3)WeChat, based on the number of active users. Instant Messaging Apps have around 2 billion users and 10,8% user growth in 2018. This fact shows that over half of the world’s population is active online and that Instant Messaging Apps are changing the world’s communication landscape.
Another survey claims, that “Instant Messaging Apps are bigger than social networks, so users are beginning to use chatting apps to connect with brands and shop for products and services”. . In the article, it is claimed that “the goal for Messenger is to be a platform where people can build and integrate apps. […] It also aims to be a place for individuals to connect with brands. […] WhatsApp’s user onboarding flow is very conventional, taking just the appropriate steps to guide users to the value it has to offer. […] Viber has an impressive user base that stands out over 800 million users.”“If a large enough network would be created, it would be hard for users to leave it, especially if all of their friends are using it. […] User onboarding pratices are a highly idiosyncratic function of who the user is-theis motivations and pains-and the product’s ability to satisfy that new user’s desire.”
That’s a very interesting point of view regarding the use of Instant Messaging Apps. Many of our interviewees admitted that they prefer online shopping through their mobile, but haven’t said anything in particular about Instant Messaging Apps, so it could be an interesting topic to examine on another level of our Mobile Me and You research.
The last survey, which we compared and joined our general insights with, is an article about using Instant Messaging Apps for higher education marketing. In this article it is claimed that “Instant Messaging Apps are:
-more intimate and private messaging
-giving the users to be constantly connected and cost-effective
-successful through instant notifications
-not demanding for a lot of content
-having group chats.
As I have already mentioned, all of our interviewees participate on group chats, especially with their university-friends. Thus, it’s seems only natural that the article proposes to the universities to “leverage this by connecting students in specific course, lectures or study groups, to keep them instantly informed of events and ways their university experience could be improved”. If this suggestionwas actually implemented, everything would be changed in academic events and the way students are work on their university projects.
In conclusion, we live in a sharing economy environment, were Millennials are taking the lead, by constantly sharing content and using sharing. Social media are still a big part of our lives, but Instant Messaging Apps have gained more trust among users and they can’t stop rising worldwide. They can be used for news, for brand engaging, even for academic reasons and that’s because they are vital for Millennials’ everyday lives.
Sources:
https://medium.com/@BirdsBeep/instant-messaging-app-user-statistics-2018-d315278f2b37
http://www.digitalnewsreport.org/survey/2018/the-rise-of-messaging-apps-for-news/
https://www.appcues.com/blog/user-onboarding-messaging-apps
https://www.qs.com/5-reasons-to-use-instant-messaging-in-your-higher-education-marketing/
Our Interviewees
22 year old Journalism student from Chile.
"I feel connected with actuality"
Bastian Diaz
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